Page 32 - ITU Kaleidoscope 2016

2016 ITU Kaleidoscope Academic Conference

7. REFERENCES

[1] The Timeline of the BBC, Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_BBC

[2] Joyce E. Penner, David H. Lister, David J. Griggs, David J.
Dokken, Mack McFarland UK, “Aviation and the Global
Atmosphere,” IPCC Special Report, 1999
https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/spm/av-en.pdf
[3] ICAO Secretariat, “Aviation’s contribution to Climate
Change,” ICAO Environmental report, 2010
http://www.icao.int/environmental-
protection/Documents/EnvironmentReport-
2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch1_en.pdf
Figure 13: The relationship between carbon footprint per
viewer-hour for DTT and video-on-demand and the size of the [4] ITU, “ICTs and Climate Change.”
audience. http://1f8a81b9b0707b63-19211.webchannel-proxy.scarabresearch.com/themes/climate/docs/report/02_ICTandClimate
Change.html
requiring more power (although a recent report by IHS shows that
this trend may now have slowed or even reversed a little with a [5] Forster C., Dickie I., Maile G., Smith H. and Crisp.
typical primary screen in the UK now being 55”). It is however “Understanding the Environmental Impact of Communication
more likely that with large displays there may be occasions when Systems,” Report for Ofcom, 2009
several people watch the same TV (for the purposes in these http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/technology-
calculations the BBC assumes that typically a TV is watched by research/environ.pdf
1.5 people), which offsets the power consumption to some extent.
[6] BBC Annual Report & Accounts 2015/16
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/reports/pdf/
6. WHAT NEXT? bbc-annualreport-201516.pdf

The technology of television continues to improve. The [7] BBC Editorial Guidelines
development of HDR technology (High Dynamic Range or an http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/pdfs/Edi
increase in the range of light to dark that a TV picture can torial_Guidelines_in_full.pdf
reproduce) will provide better pictures. Displays will also run at
higher frame rates, carry more pixels (e.g. 4K & 8K) and show [8] BBC Trust, Steve Jones, content research Imperial College
more colours (Wide Colour Gamut). In fact elements of these London, “Impartiality and the accuracy of the BBC’s coverage of
enhancements are already appearing on some online programming science,” A review by the BBC Trust, July 2011
from the likes of Netflix and BT. All of these technologies will http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/scie
likely require more power in production, distribution and nce_impartiality/science_impartiality.pdf
reception and in the early days will create duplication as new
formats supplement old, as legacy formats continue to be [9] Frank Fraser Darling, “Wilderness & Plenty,” The BBC R4
broadcast to serve older TVs e.g. it would be useful to have a Reith Lectures, 1969
better understanding of the energy consumption when distributing http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00h3xk5/episodes/guide
TV over Mobile telephone networks. Add to this the range of
platforms and the number of connected devices, which are [10] Jigna Chandaria, Jeff Hunter, Adrian Williams, “A
frequently used simultaneously, then there should be some scope Comparison of a Carbon Footprint of Digital Terrestrial
to manage this duplication more effectively. Bristol University Television with Video on Demand,” BBC R&D White Paper WHP
and the BBC are currently refreshing some of the data in WHP 189, March 2011
189 [10] and including analysis for the impact of tablet and hand http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-
held devices. Lastly the rate of change itself and its impact on the files/WHP189.pdf
carbon footprint of broadcasting are not well understood and we
have very little understanding of the embodied energy in all these [11] Sandvine, “Global Internet Phenomena Report,” 2015
devices. We believe that the main display in typical household is https://www.sandvine.com/downloads/general/global-internet-
used as such for 5 to 7 years but when it is replaced in the living phenomena/2015/global-internet-phenomena-report-latin-america-
room it frequently finds further use in another room in the home and-north-america.pdf
but standards that help us understand embodied energy and
support a more circular or life cycle approach to equipment design [12] Lord Puttnam et al. “A future for public service television:
and use would be most welcome. Content & Platforms in a Digital World”, A report by GoldSmiths
So far there are few standards covering environmental University of London, June 2016
sustainability specifically for use by broadcasters. A best practice http://futureoftv.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/FOTV-
for production is beginning to emerge. Some standards from other Report-Online-SP.pdf
sectors like ITC can be applied to help deliver better production
technology but there is an opportunity for standards to facilitate an [13] IEEE P1680.6 – “Standard for Environmental Assessment of
increase in the sustainability of distribution platforms and Complex Set Top Boxes” IEEE P1680.6
reception equipment. As this last area is where the footprint is https://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/1680.6.html
largest and the scope for invitation with hybrid IP technology is th
greatest, it presents an intriguing possibility. All links retrieved on the 25 July 2016

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