RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.453-9 - The radio refractive index: its formula and refractivity data RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.453-9 The radio refractive index: its formula and refractivity data Annex 1 1 The formula for the radio refractive index 2 Surface refractivity and height dependence 2.1 Refractivity as a function of height 2.2 Wet term of the surface refractivity 3 Vertical refractivity gradients 3.1 In the first kilometre of the atmosphere 3.2 In the lowest atmospheric layer 4 Statistical distribution of refractivity gradients 5 Surface and elevated ducts