Report ITU-R BT.2140-13 (03/2021) Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting
Foreword
Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
Note by the Chairman
List of participants
Part 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 1
Chapter 1  to Part 1
1 Introduction
     1.1 Purpose
     1.2 General
     1.3 Why Digital? – Technical considerations
     1.4 Why digital? – Commercial and regulatory considerations
     1.5 How digital? – Technical and regulatory considerations
     1.6 How digital? – Commercial considerations
     1.7 ITU activities
     1.8 The scope and the future of SG 6
          1.8.1 Introduction
          1.8.2 The digital broadcasting chain
          1.8.3 Outline for the future
Chapter 2  to Part 1
2 Overview of broadcasting technologies
     2.1 Introduction
          2.1.1 ITU-R
          2.1.2 ITU-T
          SG 9 – Television and sound transmission and integrated broadband cable networks
          http://1f8a81b9b0707b63-19211.webchannel-proxy.scarabresearch.com/ITU-T/studygroups/com15/index.asp.
          SG 16 – Multimedia coding, systems and applications.
          2.1.3 ITU-D
          2.1.4 Regional Radiocommunication Conference
          2.1.5 World Radiocommunication Conference
     2.2 Analogue broadcasting technologies and systems
     2.3 Planning considerations for analogue and digital systems
          2.3.1 Background
          2.3.2 Sharing broadcasting frequencies bands with other primary services
     2.4 Digital broadcasting technologies and systems
          2.4.1 Digital fundamentals
          2.4.2 Background
               2.4.2.1 PCM and Sampling
               2.4.2.2 Bits, Symbols, QAM and IP
               2.4.2.3 Time and frequency division multiplexing
               2.4.2.4 Coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
     2.5 Digital sound broadcasting
          2.5.1 Description of digital sound broadcasting systems
     2.6 Digital terrestrial television broadcasting
          2.6.1 Introduction
          2.6.2 Description of digital television broadcasting systems
               2.6.2.1 ATSC
               2.6.2.2 DTMB
               2.6.2.3 DVB-H
               2.6.2.4 DVB-T
               2.6.2.5 ISDB-T
               2.6.2.6 T-DMB
               2.6.2.7 Forward link only
               2.6.2.8 ISDB-TSB
     2.7 Summary
     2.8 Evaluation of potential digital sound and TV broadcasting systems
          2.8.1 Evaluation of specific terrestrial digital sound and TV broadcasting
          2.8.2 Hybrid systems
Chapter 3  to Part 1
3 Application and implementation of digital broadcasting
     3.1 Regulatory considerations
     3.2 Efficient usage of broadcasting spectrum
     3.3 Requirements of sound and television broadcasting services
          3.3.1 Network aspects
          3.3.2 Receiver aspects
     3.4 Aspects related to the interoperability of systems
     3.5 Components of digital sound broadcasting equipment
          3.5.1 Transmitters
          3.5.2 Antennas for transmission
          3.5.3  Receivers
     3.6 Components of digital television broadcasting equipment
          3.6.1 Transmitters
          3.6.2 Antennas for transmission
          3.6.3 Receivers
               3.6.3.1 Distribution network
               3.6.3.2 Antennas for reception
     3.7 Data broadcasting
     3.8 Broadcasting services for mobile reception
     3.9 Interference aspects
          3.9.1 Interference free reception in the mobile environment
          3.9.2 Impact of interference in end user environment
Chapter 4  to Part 1
4 Transition issues
     4.1 Spectrum availability
          4.1.1 Considerations for the digital broadcasting
               4.1.1.1 Technological convergence
               4.1.1.2 Obligations
               4.1.1.3 Copyright
               4.1.1.4 Diversity of digital broadcasting services
               4.1.1.5 Spectrum management
          4.1.2 General considerations on broadcasting planning
     4.2 Broadcasting planning principles
          4.2.1 General considerations
          4.2.2 Coverage of an allotment area
          4.2.3 Allotment test points
     4.3 Quality of service
     4.4 Economical aspects of spectrum utilization
     4.5 Health, safety and other legal considerations
     4.6 Switchover analogue to digital
          4.6.1 Simulcast of analogue and digital services
               4.6.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of simulcast
               4.6.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of single frequency networks
               4.6.1.3  Spectrum availability
          4.6.2 Possible mechanisms for the implementation of digital broadcasting
          4.6.3 Switchover overview
Annex 1 to Part 1  Case Studies
1 Australia
2 Brazil
3 Bulgaria
4 Canada
5 China
6 Germany
7 Guinea
8 Italy
     8.1 Spectrum policy
          8.1.1 Italian Plan for DTT and the “internal digital dividend”
          8.1.2 The local/private broadcasters phenomenon
          8.1.3 Migration to DVB-T2 system
          8.1.4 Tables on multiplexes in use, contents and other details
     8.2 Monitoring systems
9 Japan
10 Kenya
11 Mexico
12 Russian Federation
13 Tanzania
14 Thailand
15 United States of America
16 Republic of Korea
     16.1 Digital TV for fixed reception
     16.2 T-DMB for mobile reception
17 Venezuela
18 OCDE
19 European Union
20 Rwanda
     20.1 Implementation roadmap and strategy
     20.2 Transition progress
     20.3 Challenges
Attachment 1 to Annex 1 (Part 1)  Minimum Technical Specifications of Set Top Box (STB) for Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) in Rwanda
Attachment 2 to Annex 1 (Part 1)
Digital frequency planning of Rwanda
Annex 2 to Part 1  Glossary (Abbreviations)
Part 2
Chapter 1  to Part 2
     1.1 ATSC
          1.1.1 Overview of the ATSC digital television system
               1.1.1.1 Video formats
               1.1.1.2 Video compression
               1.1.1.3 Audio compression
               1.1.1.4 Transport
               1.1.1.5 RF Transmission
          1.1.2 ATSC-M/H system overview
               1.1.2.1 Description of A/153 Parts
                    1.1.2.1.1 Part 2 – RF/ Transmission
                    1.1.2.1.2 Part 3 – Service Multiplex and Transport Subsystem
                    1.1.2.1.3 Part 4 – Announcement
                    1.1.2.1.4 Part 5 – Application Framework
                    1.1.2.1.5 Part 6 – Service Protection
                    1.1.2.1.6 Part 7 – AVC and SVC Video System
                    1.1.2.1.7 Part 8 – HE AAC Audio System
          1.1.3 System configuration signaling
     1.2 DVB-T
          1.2.1 DVB-T variants
          1.2.2 Hierarchical variant
          1.2.3 Guard interval
          1.2.4 DVB-T in Band III
     1.3 DVB-H
          1.3.1 Building and validating an open and scalable network architecture
          1.3.2 Content, services and applications
          1.3.3 User devices
          1.3.4 Networks
     1.4 ISDB-T
          1.4.1 ISDB-T transmission parameters
          1.4.2 Hierarchical transmission
          1.4.3 Outline of ISDB-T
     1.5 Terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting
          1.5.1 T-DMB general
          1.5.2 System architecture
          1.5.3 Video service transmission architecture
          1.5.4 Video multiplexer architecture
          1.5.5 T-DMB specifications
     1.6 LMDS (local multipoint distribution system)
          1.6.1 Use of LMDS systems
               1.6.1.1 The LMDS technology approaching the market of multimedia delivery
          (All sub-sections describe the situation in European Union. Other administrations are invited to provide further information on their own scenarios.)
          1.6.2 Some key factors in the technology
          1.6.3 Technological trends and objective constraints
          1.6.4 Target market foreseen for LMDS
     1.7 Forward link only
          1.7.1 Introduction
          1.7.2 Forward link only system architecture
          1.7.3 Forward link only system overview
               1.7.3.1 Content acquisition and distribution
               1.7.3.2 Multimedia and data applications services
               1.7.3.3 Power consumption optimization
               1.7.3.4 Wide and local area content
               1.7.3.5 Layered modulation
          1.7.4 FLO specification
Chapter 2  to Part 2
     2.1 Aspects related to interoperability of systems
          2.1.1 Digital reception
          2.1.2 Encouragement to deployment of digital receivers
          2.1.3 Consumer information on digital equipment and switchover
          2.1.4 Integrated digital television receivers
          2.1.5 Digital connectivity
          2.1.6 Access for users with special needs
          2.1.7 Removal of obstacles to the reception of digital broadcasting
          2.1.8 Effects on citizens
     2.2 Mobile services
          2.2.1 Sound
          2.2.2 Mobile TV
          2.2.3 Enhanced mobile TV
               2.2.3.1 The Electronic Service Guide
               2.2.3.2 Data
               2.2.3.3 Implementation of interactivity
               2.2.3.4 The interaction channel implementation
                    2.2.3.4.1 Digital mobile telephony
                    2.2.3.4.2 Interaction channel making use of the broadcast spectrum
                    2.2.3.4.3 Summary of interaction channel methodologies
Chapter 3  to Part 2
     3.1 Report of TG 6/8
     3.2 UMTS/GSM and DVB-T convergence
     3.3 Market impact
          3.3.1 Market complexity; plurality of scenarios and stakeholders
          3.3.2 The case for public intervention
               3.3.2.1 Modalities
               3.3.2.2 Risks
               3.3.2.3 Policy orientations
     3.4 General strategy and coordination
          3.4.1 Transparent strategy and monitoring
          3.4.2 Regulation allowing for business autonomy and cooperation
          3.4.3 Proportionate and technologically neutral regulation
     3.5 Problems related to the interoperability of systems
          3.5.1 Digital reception
          3.5.2 Encouragement to deployment of digital receivers
          3.5.3 Consumer information on digital equipment and switchover
          3.5.4 Integrated digital television receivers
          3.5.5 Digital connectivity
          3.5.6 Interoperability of services
          3.5.7 Access for users with special needs
          3.5.8 Removal of obstacles to the reception of digital broadcasting
     3.6 Precautions to control the direct health effects of RF radiation
          3.6.1 Employee (occupational) precautionary measures
               3.6.1.1 Physical measures
               3.6.1.2 Operational procedures
          3.6.2 Precautionary measures in relation to the general public
               3.6.2.1 Physical measures
               3.6.2.2 Operational procedures
     3.7 Precautions to control the indirect RF radiation hazards
     3.8 Field-strength values to be determined
     3.9 Additional evaluation methods
          3.9.1 Dosimetry
          3.9.2 Specific absorption rate measurement
          3.9.3 Electric field measurement
          3.9.4 Temperature measurement
          3.9.5 Calorimetric measurement
          3.9.6 Body current measurement
               3.9.6.1 Induced body currents
          3.9.7 Contact current measurement
          3.9.8 Touch voltage measurement
     3.10 Legal consideration
Annex 1 to Part 2  Case studies
1 Australia
     1.1 Digital terrestrial television broadcasting in Australia
     1.2 DTTB System Selection
     1.3 Simulcast of SDTV and HDTV programmes
     1.4 Use of single frequency networks
     1.5 Planning parameters and interference threshold limits
     1.6 Comparison of ITU-R and Australian television planning parameters
          1.6.1 Digital television minimum median field strengths
          1.6.2 Digital television protection ratios
     1.7 Regulatory framework
     1.8 Digital switchover
     1.9 Digital dividend
     1.10 Planning the restack of DTTB to achieve the digital dividend
          1.10.1 Restack channel planning
          1.10.2 Television licence area plans
          1.10.3 Indicative restack channel chart
          1.10.4 Implementation of the restack
2 Brazil
     2.1 National Policies
     2.2 Spectrum usage
     2.3 DTT implementation
     2.4 New services offered by DTT
     2.5 Brazilian digital terrestrial television standards
3 Bulgaria
     3.1 Background of country TV broadcasting market
          3.1.1 TV Programme licences
               3.1.1.1 The terrestrial broadcasting component ensures analogue delivery of the total of seven TV programmes as follows
               3.1.1.2 Remaining 196 licenses are issued for TV programme delivery via cable or satellite
          3.1.2 Public/Commercial/Temporary licensed operators
          3.1.3 Cable/Satellite/Terrestrial delivery
          3.1.4 Digital terrestrial TV broadcasting
     3.2 Purpose and mission of the analogue to digital terrestrial TV transition
     3.3 Impact of the digital terrestrial broadcasting Plan of RRC-06 and GE-06 Agreement
     3.4 Transition to digital terrestrial TV broadcasting
          3.4.1 First phase-start of the transition
               3.4.1.1 Three nation-wide digital terrestrial TV networks
               3.4.1.2 Twelve regional digital terrestrial TV networks
          3.4.2 Second phase of the transition
               3.4.2.1 Additional three nation-wide digital terrestrial TV networks
               3.4.2.2 Additional fifteen regional digital terrestrial TV networks
          3.4.3 Allotment zones
          3.4.4 HDTV
          3.4.5 One Year Simulcast Limitation
          3.4.6 “Must carry” obligation
          3.4.7 Analogue switch-off
          3.4.8 Digital dividend
4 Canada
     4.1 National planning strategies and policy considerations
          4.1.1 Introduction
     4.2 DTV/HDTV history
          4.2.1 The early years
          The Current Players and the Issues
          Test results
5 Germany
6 Guinea
     Legal and regulatory aspects
     Legal and regulatory framework for DTT
     Technical aspects
7 Italy
     7.1 The EVA system
          7.1.1 System architecture
          7.1.2 The measuring section
          7.1.3 The communication section
          7.1.4 The monitor user interface
          7.1.5 Report and analysis section
          7.1.6 Quality certification
     7.2 “Rete Leggera”
          7.2.1 DTTB measurements
          7.2.2 WEB user interface
          7.2.3 Radio facilities
8 Japan
     8.1 History in brief
     8.2 Situation with frequencies
     8.3 Transmission antennas
     8.4 Technical characteristics of ISDB-T
     8.5 Outline of ISDB-T transmission scheme, related ARIB standards and ITU-R Recommendations
     8.6 Emergency warnings through broadcasting
          8.6.1 Automatic activation of handheld receivers by emergency warning system signals (see Recommendations ITU-R BT./BO.1774)
          8.6.2 Earthquake and tsunami information services via data broadcasting
          8.6.3 Broadcasting early warnings of earthquakes
     8.7 Termination of analogue TV broadcasting in Japan
          8.7.1 Consultation office
          8.7.2 Support for reception
          8.7.3 Publicity
          8.7.4 Notification through analogue TV broadcasting
9 Kenya
     9.1 Kenya’s preparations for digital terrestrial broadcasting
          9.1.1 National preparations towards the RRC
          9.1.2 National Preparatory Committee
          9.1.3 Regional preparations
          9.1.4 Kenya’s technical bases for digital planning
          9.1.5 Kenya’s assignments in the Geneva 2006 Plan (GE06)
     9.2 Post RRC-06 activities regarding digital broadcasting
     9.3 Establishment of the digital migration taskforce
          9.3.1 Role of the taskforce
          9.3.2 Recommendations of the taskforce
               9.3.2.1 Digital broadcasting standards
               9.3.2.2 Broadcast signal distribution
               9.3.2.3 Content issues in digital broadcasting
               9.3.2.4 Policy and regulatory considerations in the transition to digital broadcasting
               9.3.2.5 Consumer issues
     9.4 Digital Television Committee
     9.5 Initial roll out of DTT in Kenya
          9.5.1 Trial DVB-T digital network
          9.5.2 DVB-H digital broadcasting network (mobile TV)
     9.6 Migration from analogue to digital terrestrial broadcasting
          9.6.1 Introduction
          9.6.2 Restructuring of the DTC
          9.6.3 Digital infrastructure roll out plan in Kenya
               9.6.3.1 Pilot phase roll out
               9.6.3.2 Phase 1 roll out
                    9.6.3.2.1 Scope of Phase 1 roll out
                    9.6.3.2.2 Infrastructure requirements
                    9.6.3.2.3 Nationwide frequency identification for migration
                    9.6.3.2.4 Cost effective deployment of infrastructure
               9.6.3.3 Phase 2 digital roll out
               9.6.3.4 Phase 3 digital roll out
     9.7 Programmes transport system
     9.8 Set-top boxes
          9.8.1 Standardization
          9.8.2 Tax exemptions for STBs
          9.8.3 Marketing of STBs
     9.9 Making migration visible to consumers
          9.9.1 Digital migration logo/identity
          9.9.2 Consumer awareness campaign and publicity
     9.10 Broadcast signal distribution
          9.10.1 Licensing of first broadcast signal distributor
          9.10.2 Licensing of second broadcast signal distributor
          9.10.3 Obligations of the signal distributor
     9.11 Developments in policy and legislative arena
          9.11.1 The Kenya Communications (Amendment) Act
          9.11.2 Public notification
     9.12 Harmonization at the East Africa Community level
10 Russian Federation
     Strategy basics for transition from analogue to digital broadcasting within an individual region (based on the experience of introduction of DVB-T broadcasting in the Primorsky region of Russia)
     Overall strategy of updating the regional TV and radio transmission network and transition to digital broadcasting in the region
     Stages of comprehensive modernization of the regional TV and radio broadcasting network
     Overall description of information and interactive services and products based on digital TV broadcasting. The initial stage of introduction of the services in the region
     Construction of a united interactive multipurpose information system on the basis of digital TV broadcasting in a region
11 Tanzania
     Digital Migration Policy in Tanzania
12 Thailand
     12.1 Technology selection
     12.2 Frequency band
     12.3  Licensing and regulatory framework
     12.4  Network licenses and network deployment plan
     12.5 Multiplex composition
     12.6 DVB-T2 parameters and capacity management
     12.7 Network planning
          12.7.1 Planning parameters and targets
          12.7.2 Planning approach
          12.7.3 Overview of planning results
     12.8 Other matters
13 United States of America
14 Republic of Korea
     14.1 Digital TV for fixed reception
     14.2 T-DMB for mobile reception
15 Venezuela
     Digital Radio and Television project – Development stages
     Trials
Annex 2 to Part 2
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