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• QUESTION 10-3/2: Telecommunications/ICTs for rural and remote areas
  • Table of Contents
    • 1 General
    • 2 Introduction
      • 2.1 Landlocked areas
      • 2.2 Mountainous villages
      • 2.3 Isolated remote islands in SIDS
      • 2.4 Isolated villages in vast countries (desert, forest, no social infrastructure, etc.)
    • 3 Challenges for the development of telecommunications/ICTs in rural and remote areas
      • 3.1 Introductory background
      • 3.2 Challenges for telecommunications/ICTs/broadband development in rural and remote areas
        • 3.2.1 Policy, legal and regulatory perspectives
        • 3.2.2 Operators’ perspectives
        • 3.2.3 Consumers’ perspectives
        • 3.2.4 Vendors’ perspectives
        • 3.2.5 CPE manufacturers’ perspectives
        • 3.2.6 Content developers’ perspectives
        • 3.2.7 International organizations and bilateral and multilateral donor agencies’ perspectives
    • 4 Telecommunications/ICTs services/applications/contents, benefits/ importance, and impacts of connecting unserved population
      • 4.1 Background
      • 4.2 Categorization of applications and services
      • 4.3 E-applications
      • 4.4 Applications vital and important for rural and remote areas
      • 4.5 Contents
      • 4.6 Speed requirements for different applications
      • 4.7 Importance and impact of connecting the unconnected
    • 5 Assessment of backhaul and access technologies for connecting rural and remote areas
      • 5.1 Optic fiber technology
      • 5.2 Topologies for optical user access
      • 5.3 Technical characteristics of P2P optical access and PON
        • 5.3.1 Point-to-point optical access (EFM: Ethernet in the First Mile)
        • 5.3.2 EPON/GEPON/10G-EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network / Gigabit Ethernet PON/ 10 Gigabit Ethernet PON)
        • 5.3.3 GPON/10G-PON (Gigabit-capable PON OR Gigabit PON/10 Gigabit PON)
        • 5.3.4 G.epon/SIEPON
        • 5.3.5 WDM PON (WavelengthDivision Multiplexing PON)
        • 5.3.6 Outlook of optical user access technologies
      • 5.4 Topologies for optical backhaul
        • 5.4.1 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) backhaul
        • 5.4.2 Ethernet backhaul (Carrier ethernet)
        • 5.4.3 Ethernet backhaul with add /Drop optical wavelengths
        • 5.4.4 Outlook of optical backhaul technologies
      • 5.5 Terrestrial wireless technologies
        • 5.5.1 Spectrum and bandwidth requirements
        • 5.5.2 Range of possible solutions
        • 5.5.3 Access deployment
        • 5.5.4 Middle range transmission media
        • 5.5.5 Backhauling
      • 5.6 Technologies for connecting remote areas and rural communities
        • 5.6.1 Overview of satellite-based solutions
        • 5.6.2 Overview of Dynamic Spectrum Access -based solutions
    • 6 Summary of the relevant contributions including case-libtrary and e-discussion forum
    • 7 Selected country case studies
      • 7.1 Satellite broadband supporting elections in Burkina Faso (Burkina Faso/SES World Skies (Netherlands))
      • 7.2 Argentina Conectada (Argentina Connected)(Argentina)
      • 7.3 Satellite connectivity plan for rural schools in Argentina (Argentina)
      • 7.4 Livelihood opportunities and cultural preservation through a sustainable and ecofriendly ICT telecenter (Marshall Islands)
      • 7.5 Mobile WiMAX in Japan (Japan)
      • 7.6 Pilot project for the improved health & medical environment with ICT for rural areas in Lao P.D.R. (Lao P.D.R./Japan)
      • 7.7 APT J3 Project: Pilot installation of tele-center for remote education and healthcare in rural areas and isolated islands in
      • 7.8 Telecommunications/ICT development by ad-hoc communications network for rural Shiojiri City in Nagano prefecture, Japan (Jap
      • 7.9 Mobile Health Information System: Providing access to information for healthcare workers (Project in South Africa /Qualcomm
      • 7.10 Mobile microfranchising and AppLab initiatives (Project in Indonesia /Qualcomm Inc (United States))
      • 7.11 Rural and remote areas (Madagascar)
      • 7.12 Provision of basic telephone services for rural areas (Togo)
      • 7.13 Project of terrestrial wireless broadband connectivity (Burundi)
      • 7.14 Rural ICT Development Project in Iran (Iran)
      • 7.15 Energy effective and low cost technology for wireless broadband access and GSM cellular networks (OJSC Intellect-Telecom (R
      • 7.16 The Mawingu Project: Providing broadband access using TV White Spaces in rural Kenya (Project in Kenya/Microsoft Corporatio
      • 7.17 Evaluating different access technology options (Egypt)
      • 7.18 WiMAX and FiberWiFi Broadband in Rural Areas of Bhutan (Bhutan)
      • 7.19 Fishing with 3G Nets (Project in Brazil/Qualcomm Inc (United States))
      • 7.20 Let's Get Ready! Mobile Safety Project (Project in P.R. China/Qualcomm Inc (United States))
      • 7.21 WLAN Coverage solutions in rural China (P.R. China)
      • 7.22 Innovative technological solution for broadband use in rural areas – Data Rural Application Exchange (D-Rax from C-DoT) (In
      • 7.23 Successful e-initiative for rural people in remote North Eastern part of India – Active community participation for sustain
      • 7.24 Case Studies from Broadband Commission Reports
      • 7.25 Analysis of selected case studies
        • 7.25.1 Policy and regulatory solutions
        • 7.25.2 Proposed measures and actions
      • 7.26 List of technologies, applications and funding in ITU-D SG2 Q10-3/2 case studies
    • 8 Conclusions and Recommendations
    • 9 Acronyms and abbreviations
    • 10 References
    • Annexes
      • Annex 1: List of input contributions during the study period 2010-2014 and their summaries
      • Annex 2: Analysis of questionnaire replies for global survey on policy initiatives/interventions on telecommunications/ICTs/broa