• Foreword
  • Publisher's note
    • What is this report about and who is it for?
  • Acknowledgements
  • 1 Which viewers have difficulties accessing television?
    • 1.1 Statistics and awareness
    • 1.2 Viewing and age
    • 1.3 Viewing and languages
    • 1.4 Viewing and specific functional impairments
    • 1.5 Viewing and literacy
  • 2 What can currently be done to make audiovisual content more accessible? � The value proposition
    • 2.1 Improving the production of programmes and on-screen programme guides themselves
  • 3 Which access services can currently be offered with television programmes?
    • 3.1 Age-related accessibility options
    • 3.2 Viewing and languages � accessibility options
    • 3.3 Viewing and accessibility options for specific disabilities
    • 3.4 Viewing and literacy � accessibility options
  • 4 Getting started � who needs to do what so that the viewer can see television programmes with access services?
    • 4.1 Receiving and viewing a television signal
    • 4.2 Recording and viewing a television programme after it has been broadcast
    • 4.3 Remote control devices
    • 4.4 Wireless connections to hearing aids
    • 4.5 Access services delivered over non-television networks
    • 4.6 Setting up for television reception
    • 4.7 Discovering programmes and access services
    • 4.8 Viewing a programme with an access service
    • 4.9 Benefiting from the access service
  • 5 How are access services produced, delivered and used?
    • 5.1 Access services from planning to use � work flows
    • 5.2 Captioning
    • 5.3 Signing
    • 5.4 Audio description
    • 5.5 Audio (spoken) captions
    • 5.6 Programme guides and other kinds of on-screen promotion
  • 6 What does it cost to set up and run a given access service for audiovisual content?
    • 6.1 Costs and the television value chain
    • 6.2 Captioning
    • 6.3 Visual signing
    • 6.4 Audio description
    • 6.5 Audio (spoken) captions
    • 6.6 Programme guides and other kinds of on-screen promotion
  • 7 The market for accessibility � what business models exist so that access services can be offered on a sustainable basis?
    • 7.1 Business models for television access service provision
    • 7.2 Business models for television receivers
    • 7.3 Business models and the regulatory climate
    • 7.4 Market opportunities for e-accessibility
  • 8 Managing change � introducing and scaling up an access service
    • 8.1 Introducing a new access service
    • 8.2 Scaling up the level of access service provision to its final target
  • 9 Incentives and sanctions � what mechanisms exist to promote access service provision?
    • 9.1 The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
    • 9.2 Private sector led initiatives
    • 9.3 National negotiated roadmap among stakeholders
    • 9.4 Regulatory approach, national and regional
  • Appendix (Checklist)
  • Terminology and definitions
  • Figure 1: A public service announcement on Japanese television
  • Figure 2: Scenarios for "open" access services on analogue television
  • Figure 3: Scenarios for "closed" access services on digital television
  • Figure 4: Television coverage of the World Cup in South Africa, July 2010
  • Figure 5: Extract from an accessibility checklist for television pictures
  • Figure 6: Television news screen layout designed to promote accessibility
  • Figure 7: Closed captioning designed to fit with other on-screen captions
  • Figure 8: An example of an Electronic Programming Guide (EPG) from India
  • Figure 9: "Snow" on an analogue television picture
  • Figure 10: Digital television artifacts
  • Figure 11: Language scenarios for hearing impairments
  • Figure 12: Summary of mature access services, target audiences and user prerequisites
  • Figure 13: Access service options for language scenarios
  • Figure 14: Analogue television reception
  • Figure 15: Analogue television � access service options
  • Figure 16: Digital television reception � Set-top box with an existing TV set
  • Figure 17: Digital television reception � Integrated digital television receiver
  • Figure 18: Digital television � access service options
  • Figure 19: Extract from an accessibility checklist for television remote controls
  • Figure 20: A Summary of Access Services from Creation to Use
  • Figure 21: Pre-prepared same language captioning (intra-lingual subtitling)
  • Figure 22: Pre-prepared foreign language captioning (inter-lingual subtitling)
  • Figure 23: Live same language captioning (intra-lingual subtitling)
  • Figure 24: A television programme for the deaf community
  • Figure 25: Audio description � basic work flow
  • Figure 26: Delivering Audio Description (broadcast mix) on digital television by the Danish public service broadcaster DR
  • Figure 27: Delivering Audio Description (receiver mix) on digital television
  • Figure 28: Audio (spoken) captions � audio produced by the broadcaster
  • Figure 29: Audio (spoken) captions � decentral solution using text-to-speech in the receiver
  • Figure 30: A value chain � making television accessible
  • Figure 31: Relative production costs for specific television access services
  • Figure 32: A matrix combining business models for television receivers and access services � twelve scenarios
  • Figure 33: Advertising incorporating closed captioning
  • Figure 34: Examples of current bandwidth requirements (approximate figures for terrestrial television broadcasting using DVB)
  • Figure 35: Global economic activity in 1970 and 2001
  • Figure 36: Proportion of the world population living in urban and rural areas (1950�2050)
  • Figure 37: Trade-offs when introducing a new access service
  • Figure 38: Awareness of audio description before and after the awareness raising campaign in 2008
  • Figure 39: Channel 21 on Digital Terrestrial TV in Denmark � virtual signing channel
  • Appendix (Checklist)
  • Terminology and definitions
  • Figure 35: Global economic activity in 1970 and 2001